30 tajwid rules of the Qur'an across 6 families — each with its meaning, how to read it, its trigger letters, and real examples from the Qur'an with audio.
| Rule | Letters / form | How to read |
|---|---|---|
| Izhar Halqi | ء هـ ع ح غ خ | Pronounced clearly, no nasalisation. |
| Idgham Bighunnah | ي ن م و | Merged, with nasalisation. |
| Idgham Bilaghunnah | ل ر | Merged, without nasalisation. |
| Iqlab | ب | The nun turns into a mim. |
| Ikhfa Haqiqi | ت ث ج د ذ ز س ش ص ض ط ظ ف ق ك | Concealed + nasalisation. |
| Ikhfa Syafawi | ب | The mim is concealed at the lips. |
| Idgham Mimi | م | Mim merges into mim + nasalisation. |
| Izhar Syafawi | ء ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز س ش ص ض ط ظ ع غ ف ق ك ل ن هـ و ي | The mim is pronounced clearly at the lips. |
| Alif Lam Qamariyah | ا ب غ ح ج ك و خ ف ع ق ي م هـ | The lam is pronounced clearly. |
| Alif Lam Syamsiyah | ت ث د ذ ر ز س ش ص ض ط ظ ل ن | The lam merges; the next letter is doubled. |
| Qalqalah | ق ط ب ج د | The letter bounces. |
| Ghunnah Musyaddadah | نّ مّ | Nasalisation on a doubled nun/mim. |
| Lam Jalalah | Tafkhim Tarqiq | The lam in the name of Allah: heavy or light. |
| Ra Tafkhim | رَ رُ رْ | The ra is read heavy. |
| Ra Tarqiq | رِ رْ | The ra is read light. |
| Mad Thabi'i | ا و ي | The basic 2-count lengthening. |
| Mad Wajib Muttasil | جَآءَ ٱلسَّمَآءُ | Mad + hamzah in one word → 4–5 counts. |
| Mad Jaiz Munfasil | بِمَآ أُ إِنَّآ أَ | Mad at the end of a word + hamzah in the next → 2/4/5 counts. |
| Mad Lin (Layyin) | ـَوْ ـَيْ | Silent wau/ya after a fathah, stretched when stopping. |
| Mad 'Aridh Lissukun | ا و ي | Mad thabi'i before the final letter when stopping → 2/4/6 counts. |
| Mad Iwadh | ـًا | Tanwin fathah read long when stopping. |
| Mad Badal | ءَا ءِي ءُو | Hamzah meeting a mad letter → 2 counts. |
| Mad Tamkin | يِّيْ | Doubled ya meeting a silent ya → 2 counts. |
| Mad Silah Qashirah | ـهُ ـهِ | Ha dhamir between two vowels → 2 counts. |
| Mad Silah Thawilah | ـهُ + ء ـهِ + ء | Ha dhamir meeting a hamzah → 4–5 counts. |
| Mad Farq | ءَآ | Distinguishing the question hamzah → 6 counts. |
| Mad Lazim Kilmi Mutsaqqal | آلّ | Mad meeting a doubled letter in one word → 6 counts. |
| Mad Lazim Kilmi Mukhaffaf | ءَآلْـَٰٔنَ | Mad meeting a sukun (not a doubled letter) in one word → 6 counts. |
| Mad Lazim Harfi Mutsaqqal | لٓ سٓ | Opening letters that merge → a heavy 6 counts. |
| Mad Lazim Harfi Mukhaffaf | قٓ صٓ نٓ مٓ كٓ | Opening letters without merging → a light 6 counts. |
When a silent nun ( نْ ) or tanwin ( ـً ـٍ ـٌ ) meets the letter after it, the recitation branches into 5 rules depending on that letter.
Silent mim ( مْ ) has 3 rules. All are called 'syafawi' (labial) because they are articulated with the lips ( syafah ).
Alif Lam ( الْ ) at the start of a word: sometimes the lam is pronounced clearly (Qamariyah), sometimes it merges into the next letter (Syamsiyah).
The bounce of the qalqalah letters and the nasal hum on a doubled nun/mim — two traits that are easy to recognise.
Heavy (tafkhim) or light (tarqiq)? It applies to the name of Allah and to the letter ra, depending on the surrounding vowels.
Mad means stretching the sound. From the basic 2-count mad to the 6-count mad lazim — every type stems from mad thabi'i.